Evolution of Geographical Information Systems
نویسنده
چکیده
SUMMARY Geoinformatics is described as a scientific and technical complex integrating the branch of scientific knowledge, the appropriate technology and the applied, or productive, activities concerned with the development and implementation of geographical information systems. Four stages of geoinformatics evolution are discussed, and its prospects are outlined in brief. 1. Introduction Geoinformatics is a young science, its boom falls within the last three or four decades. In much the same way as in cartography the geoinformatics is considered to be a scientific and technical complex integrating the branch of scientific knowledge, the technology and the applied, or production, activities associated with elaboration and realization of geographical information systems (GIS). Modern GIS have originated from the information retrieval systems and, later on, the cartographic data banks. The information systems were treated as a first step in the automated map compilation; further on the functions of GIS, in their broad sense, were extended to include the blocks of modeling and automated map reproduction. Once the map has been regarded as a means of geographical analysis and the user's subsystem been recognized the sphere of map utilization has become an integral part of GIS. The majority of GIS which number hundreds in the world have the tasks of map compilation or apply cartographic materials as a source of information.
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